ATC kod: A10BD20, A10BK03
Kvinnor utgör endast ca 35% av studiepopulationen i de stora kliniska prövningarna av SGLT2-hämmare. Empagliflozin som monoterapi eller i kombinationsbehandling reducerar HbA1c-nivåer på ett likvärdigt sätt hos kvinnor och män. Metaanalyser påvisar ingen skillnad mellan kvinnor och män avseende kardiovaskulär sjuklighet och död, sjukhusinläggning på grund av hjärtsvikt samt progression av nefropati.
Den relativa risken för urinvägsinfektioner och genital svampinfektion är ökad vid empagliflozinbehandling jämfört med placebo, hos både kvinnor och män. Risken är högst hos individer som har återkommande sådana infektioner i anamnesen.
I Sverige är det nästan två gånger så vanligt att män hämtar ut empagliflozin, jämfört med kvinnor.
For type 1 diabetes mellitus when diagnosed under the age of 15, the prevalence between boys and girls is similar. In adult populations of patients with both type 1 and 2 diabetes, the differences between the sexes in prevalence seem to vary depending on several factors such as incidence of disease, age groups and ethnicities studied. Studies indicate that men in the early middle age display a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with women in the same age group [1]. In a nationwide population-based pharmaco-epidemiological study in Sweden, the total age-standardized prevalence of pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically treated diabetes (2012) was 56% for men and 39% for women [2].
A population pharmacokinetic analysis of empagliflozin was performed from phase I, II and III studies in 2761 persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compared to men, women had 11% lower clearance and approximately 10-15% higher AUC of empagliflozin [5].
More than 34.000 individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2-inhibitors including empagliflozin, were included in a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials [6]. The analysis reported an 11% risk reduction of a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal stroke and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MACE), a 23% risk reduction of a composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or hospitalization and a 45% risk reduction of renal disease progression. There were no indications that the levels of risk reduction relative to placebo differed between men and women. Similar findings were reported in a secondary analysis of the placebo-controlled EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial (5016 men, 2004 women) which showed that empagliflozin reduced MACE, hospitalization for heart failure and or incident or worsening nephropathy to a similar extent in men and women [7].
A meta-analysis of clinical trials evaluated empagliflozin among individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), with or without diabetes type 2 [8]. First cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure was studied across prespecified subgroups of patients. There were no indications that the levels of risk reduction relative to placebo differed between men and women, neither in pooled analyses (dapagliflozin + empagliflozin) nor among the 1426 men and 437 women exposed to empagliflozin [8].
In a population exposure-response analyses of empagliflozin from Phase I, II and III studies in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the maximum reduction of fasting plasma glucose (Gmax) was 11% lower in women than in men [5], whereas a similar study has reported a 12% higher Gmax in women than in men [9]. No clinically relevant difference between men and women was noted in urinary glucose excretion [9] or in terms of HbA1c reduction or other measures of efficacy [5].
No differences in body weight, waist circumference, index of central obesity or visceral adiposity index between men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with empagliflozin were observed in analysis of data from five randomized placebo-controlled studies (1846 men, 1454 women) [10].
SGLT2 inhibitor treatment was associated with similar relative risks in men and women for the safety outcomes of amputation, fracture, genital infection and urinary tract infection when analyzing data from four cardiovascular outcome trials [11].
Empagliflozin treatment has been associated with increased incidence of genital infections in both men and women, as compared to placebo [5, 7]. In a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials genital mycotic infections (GMI) occurred among 3.1% (10 mg) and 1.6% (25 mg) in men, compared with 5.4% (10 mg) and 6.4% (25 mg) in women treated with empagliflozin [12]. The frequency of GMI among the placebotreated were 0.4% in men and 1.5% in women in pooled data of placebo-controlled clinical studies provided by the pharmaceutical company [13].
In an observational study with data from UK primary care, genital infections that occurred within the first month of treatment were associated with a 50% increased risk for subsequent discontinuation with both SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors [14].
A population-based cohort study with new-user design evaluated the risk for diabetic ketoacidosis associated with SGLT2 inhibitors (122 281 men, 86 476 women), using health care data from Canada and the United Kingdom. Empagliflozin was associated with a 2.5 risk increase compared with DPP-4 inhibitors (121 991 men, 86 766 women) which served as reference. No difference in risk among men and women was shown [15].
Regarding teratogenic aspects, please consult Janusmed Drugs and Birth Defects (in Swedish, Janusmed fosterpåverkan).
Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut tabletter innehållande empagliflozin (ATC-kod A10BK03) på recept i Sverige år 2019, totalt 31 444 män och 15 986 kvinnor. Det motsvarar 6,1 respektive 3,1 personer per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedel var högst i åldersgruppen 65-69 år hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var tabletter innehållande empagliflozin 1,8 gånger vanligare hos män [3].
Fler män än kvinnor hämtade ut tabletter innehållande kombination av metformin och empagliflozin (ATC-kod A10BD20) på recept i Sverige år 2019, totalt 3 603 män och 1 682 kvinnor. Det motsvarar 0,7 respektive 0,3 personer per tusen invånare. Andelen som hämtat ut läkemedel var högst i åldersgruppen 60-74 år hos båda könen. I genomsnitt var tabletter innehållande kombination av metformin och empagliflozin dubbelt så vanligt hos män [3].
Uppdaterat: 2021-02-12
Litteratursökningsdatum: 2020-11-27
Faktagranskat av: Carl-Olav Stiller, Diana Rydberg
Godkänt av: Karin Schenck-Gustafsson