Enalapril
Summary
This summary information on persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity comes from Fass. The information on bioaccumulation and toxicity is confirmed by the report from Goodpoint. Information about the risk comes from the report from Goodpoint.
Persistence. It cannot be excluded that enalapril is persistent, due to the lack of data.
Bioaccumulation. Enalapril has low potential for bioaccumulation.
Toxicity. Enalapril has low acute toxicity.
Risk. The use of enalapril has been considered to result in low environmental risk.
Detailed information
Fass environmental information
Fass environmental information for Renitec (enalapril) (downloaded 2021-04-24).
Hazard
Persistence: "As no degradation studies are available, the phrase, “The potential for persistence of enalapril cannot be excluded”, is thus chosen."
Bioaccumulation: "Log Kow = 0.59 (method not provided)."
Acute toxicity: There is data for 2 trophic levels, lowest for crustacean (Daphnia magna) EC50 48 h (mortality) 346 mg/L (OECD 202).
Risk
Sales data in Sweden are available for 2018. "As data are not available for three trophic levels, an environmental risk classification is not possible."
Pharmaceutical analyses of water in Region Stockholm
Enalapril has previously been found in purified wastewater in Region Stockholm 2007. Enalapril has not been analyzed in recent years.
Report Pharmaceutial residues in the Stockholm aquatic environment
The reduction rate for enalapril in wastewater treatment plants in Region Stockholm is between 96 och 99 %.
Report Goodpoint 2019
Comparative environmental risk assessment using angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors enalapril, ramipril, lisinopril and captopril from a Swedish perspective (Report Goodpoint 2019).
ACE inhibitors are sold in large quantities but all the compared substances (except ramipril) and active metabolites are very water soluble with very low potential to accumulate in aquatic biota to levels that are considered to pose a risk. For ramipril, there is a certain risk that the substance reaches the environment and bioconcentrates in biota sufficiently to cause a pharmacological effect. However, there is no bioconcentration data for the substances. Available toxicity tests indicate low toxicity to aquatic organisms, but they are acute tests and are not designed to address the specific effects of ACE inhibitors.
Although the environmental risk is highest for ramipril, the overall evidence for environmental risk is still low. No exchanges for environmental reasons are therefore recommended. More research on ramipril and its potential for bioconcentration and toxicity (chronic and mechanism-based) is desirable.
References
- Fass.se för vårdpersonal
- Sammanställning av läkemedelsprovtagningar - Bearbetning av regional försäljningsstatistik av läkemedel samt datamaterial från Stockholms läns landstings mätprogram för läkemedelssubstanser i vattenmiljön, 2005-2012. Trossa AB På uppdrag av Stockholms läns landsting. 2014.
- Stockholm Vatten. Läkemedelsrester i Stockholms vattenmiljö. 2010. ISBN 978-91-633-6642-0.
- Goodpoint. Jämförande bedömning av miljörisk vid användning av angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-hämmarna enalapril, ramipril, lisinopril och kaptopril. Stockholm; Goodpoint; 2019-07-01.
Author: Health and Medical Care Administration, Region Stockholm